The multi-method approach to analyzing motivations and perceived travel risks: impacts on domestic tourists' adaptive behaviors and tourism destination advocacy

The study investigated factors influencing tourists' adaptive behaviors and advocacy for domestic destinations during COVID-19 using a combination of integrated generalized structured component analysis (IGSCA) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). One thousand tourists from Thailand, South Korea, and China participated in the study. The results revealed that fsQCA's multiple configurations provided valuable insights into the antecedents affecting adaptive behavior and destination advocacy, which complemented IGSCA's symmetric results. The study affirmed the complexity of antecedents that impact outcomes and supported the notion of complexity theory in explaining tourists' destination supporting behavior. The study provided implications for future research in this area.

A novel negative pressure isolation device reduces aerosol exposure: A randomized controlled trial

Background and aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a proliferation of intubation barriers designed to protect healthcare workers from infection. We developed the Suction-Assisted Local Aerosol Containment Chamber (SLACC) and tested it in the operating room. The primary objectives were to determine the ease and safety of airway management with SLACC, and to measure its efficacy of aerosol containment to determine if it significantly reduces exposure to health care workers. Method(s): In this randomized clinical trial, adult patients scheduled to undergo elective surgery with general endotracheal anesthesia were screened and informed consent obtained from those willing to participate. Patients were randomized to airway management either with or without the SLACC device. Patients inhaled nebulized saline before and during anesthesia induction to simulate the size and concentration of particles seen with severe symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Result(s): 79 patients were enrolled and randomized. Particle number concentration (PNC) at the patients' and healthcare workers' locations were measured and compared between the SLACC vs. control groups during airway management. Ease and success of tracheal intubation were recorded for each patient. All intubations were successful and time to intubation was similar between the two groups. Healthcare workers were exposed to significantly lower particle number concentrations (#/cm3) during airway management when SLACC was utilized vs. control. The particle count outside SLACC was reduced by 97% compared to that inside the device. Conclusion(s): The SLACC device does not interfere with airway management and significantly reduces healthcare worker exposure to aerosolized particles during airway management.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Are Research-Practice Partnerships Responsive to Partners' Needs? Exploring Research Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Despite everyone's best intentions, RPP-produced research may still fall short of being responsive to the needs of practice partners. The COVID-19 pandemic arguably magnified the demand for research to help education leaders make informed decisions in unprecedented ways. Were RPPs able to be responsive to practice-side partners in their time of need? We draw upon data collected as part of the 2019, 2020, and 2021 National Network of Education Research-Practice Partnerships' (NNERPP) annual reports to explore this question. Our findings suggest an increase in design-based projects, in addition to increases in quick-turnaround research syntheses in order to accommodate partner needs. © The Author(s) 2022.

Successful treatment of post–COVID-19 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with urgent immunotherapy and neurointensive management: a case report

Background: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like white matter disease, a rare complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a potentially life-threatening neurological disorder. The objective of this study was to report the successful treatment of post–COVID-19 ADEM with urgent immunotherapy and neurointensive management. Case Report: A 53-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital with a 2-day history of progressive mental deterioration and was diagnosed with ADEM after COVID-19. The patient's symptoms worsened despite the administration of high-dose steroids, and targeted temperature management was employed to manage brain edema. Additionally, the neurointensivist decided to use intravenous immunoglobulin early for intractable post–COVID-19 ADEM. Her mental status and neuroimaging findings showed rapid im-provement at about 3 months after admission. Conclusion: This case highlights that if the patient's symptoms worsen despite high-dose steroid administration in the acute stage, early use of intravenous immunoglobulin is expected to have a positive effect on the prognosis of patients with post–COVID-19 ADEM. © 2022 The Korean Neurocritical Care Society.

SARS-CoV-2 Illness Severity and Early Hospitalization Outcomes in a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study Among Veterans

Background. Over 600,000 SARS-CoV-2 infections and 20,000 deaths have occurred among users of the Veterans Health Administration, the US's largest integrated health care system. We explored early outcomes of SARS-COV-2 infection in Veterans. Methods. An ongoing, prospective longitudinal cohort study of Veterans ages >= 18 enrolled 1,826 participants (29.0% inpatient;49.1% vaccinated;68.3% SARS-CoV-2-positive;85.0% male, mean age = 57.1 years) seeking inpatient or outpatient care after SARS-CoV-2 testing at 15 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers in July 2020 to February 13, 2022. Using multivariable regression, we estimated relationships of baseline demographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccination, and clinical history to illness severity and cumulative length of hospital stay within 60 days of study entry. Illness severity was defined by a Veterans Affairs adaptation of the WHO COVID-19 severity scale and included 4 levels (mild, moderate, severe, or death). We derived the Charlson co-morbidity index (CCI) and other baseline characteristics from electronic health data and study questionnaires, and reported qualitative SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses using inpatients' study-collected blood specimens. Results. High CCI scores (>= 5) occurred in 47 (42.7%) vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-positive inpatients and 47 (21.2%) unvaccinated. Severe illness occurred in 17 (15.5%) vaccinated inpatients, 37 (16.7%) unvaccinated inpatients, 4 (0.9%) vaccinated outpatients, and 3 (0.7%) unvaccinated outpatients. Eleven (10%) of 110 vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-positive inpatients died, as did 15 (6.8%) of the 222 unvaccinated. In SARS-CoV-2-positive inpatients, a one-step higher CCI was associated with more severe illness (aOR 1.10, 95%CI 1.01-1.20) and more hospitalization days (aIRR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.10), adjusting for vaccination status. Respectively, 93% of vaccinated and 63% of unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 positive inpatients with baseline antibody results had an anti-spike IgG response. Conclusion. In an ongoing longitudinal cohort study of COVID-19 in US Veterans, comorbidity burden was higher among vaccinated than unvaccinated inpatients and was associated with more severe illness and hospitalization days, independent of vaccination status.

Evaluation of the utility of the breathing pattern assessment tool in a post-covid syndrome MDT assessment clinic

P219 Table 1Patient demographicsDemographics Age 43.14 (13.21) Gender Male n=22, Female n=51 Ethnicity White n=47 Black n=12 Asian n=7 Mixed n=7 Outcome measures from post covid clinic BPAT 3.44 (3.02) Nijmegen 27.82 (13.79) EQ5D 12.48 (11.71) Breathlessness NRS 4.17(2.39) Cough NRS 2.31 (2.93) Fatigue NRS 5.92 (2.41) Pain NRS 3.57 (3.41) Sleep NRS 4.74 (2.84) 1 minutes Sit to Stand 22.97 (11.47) GAD7 5.72 (6.96) PHQ9 5.97 (7.60) BPAT >4 n=28 (38%) Mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise stated;NRS: Numerical Rating ScaleConclusionThe BPAT Tool is a useful component of breathlessness assessment in the context of a PCS assessment clinic. It can provide a useful screening tool to identify patients with BPD who may benefit from specialist intervention with respiratory physiotherapists. Further understanding is required of how BPD responds to therapy and which type of treatments are important for this cohort.ReferencesHylton H, Long A, Francis C, et al. Real-world use of the Breathing Pattern Assessment Tool in assessment of breathlessness post-COVID-19. Clin Med (Lond). 2022 Jun 27.Todd S, Walsted ES, Grillo L et al. Novel assessment tool to detect BPD in patients with refractory asthma. Respirology. 2018;23(3).

Role of Aerosols in Spring Blooms in the Central Yellow Sea During the COVID-19 Lockdown by China

Reduced amounts of aerosols blowing into the Yellow Sea (YS), owing to the temporary lockdown of factories in China during COVID-19, resulted in a 15% decrease in spring chlorophyll-a concentration (CHL) in March 2020 compared to its mean March values from 2003 to 2021. Particularly, the effect of land-based AOD is insignificant compared with that of atmospheric aerosols flowing into the YS, as indicated by the currents and wind directions. Hence, the main objective of this study was to understand the relationship between atmospheric aerosols and CHL by quantitatively considering relevant environmental changes using a Random Forest (RF) algorithm. Various input physical forcing variables to RF were employed, including aerosol optical depth (AOD), sea surface temperature (SST), mixed layer depth (MLD), wind divergence (WD), and total precipitation (TP). From the RF-based analysis, we estimated the relative contribution of each physical forcing variable to the difference in CHL during and after the COVID-19 lockdown period. The sensitivity of the RF model to changes in aerosol levels indicated positive effects of increased amounts of aerosols during spring blooms. Additionally, we calculated the quantitative contribution of aerosols to CHL changes. When SST was warmer and TP was lower than their climatology in March 2020, CHL increased by 0.22 mg m-3 and 0.02 mg m-3, respectively. Conversely, when MLD became shallower and AOD was lower than their climatology, CHL decreased as much as 0.01 mg m-3 and 0.20 mg m-3. Variations in WD caused no significant change in CHL. Overall, the specific estimations for reduced spring blooms were caused by a reduction in aerosols during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Furthermore, the RF developed in this study can be used to examine CHL changes and the relative role of significant environmental changes in biological blooms in the ocean for any normal year. Copyright © 2022 Baek, Park, Kim, Lee, Lee, Lee and Jo.

IMPACTS OF GLOBAL PANDEMICS ON PEOPLE ON THE MOVE

More than 70 million people globally are forced to migrate for reasons such as armed conflict, persecution (political, cultural, religious, or sexual orientation), natural disasters, development projects, and human trafficking. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the precariousness of these vulnerable populations. In this chapter, we explore the different groups that comprise people on the move and examine the impact of COVID-19 and other health crises on these populations. The role of social work at the intersection of the pandemic and forced migration and broader implications for the social work profession are examined through five case studies. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Patricia Fronek and Karen Smith Rotabi-Casares;individual chapters, the contributors.

Supply chain risk management strategies in normal and abnormal times: policymakers' role in reducing generic medicine shortages

Purpose: This paper links supply chain risk management to medicine supply chains to explore the role of policymakers in employing supply chain risk management strategies (SCRMS) to reduce generic medicine shortages. Design/methodology/approach: Using secondary data supplemented with primary data, the authors map and compare seven countries' SCRMS for handling shortage risks in their paracetamol supply chains before and during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Consistent with recent research, the study finds that policymakers had implemented few SCRMS specifically for responding to disruptions caused by COVID-19. However, shortages were largely avoided since multiple strategies for coping with business-as-usual disruptions had been implemented prior to the pandemic. The authors did find that SCRMS implemented during COVID-19 were not always aligned with those implemented pre-pandemic. The authors also found that policymakers played both direct and indirect roles. Research limitations/implications: Combining longitudinal secondary data with interviews sheds light on how, regardless of the level of preparedness during normal times, SCRMS can be leveraged to avert shortages in abnormal times. However, the problem is highly complex, which warrants further research. Practical implications: Supply chain professionals and policymakers in the healthcare sector can use the findings when developing preparedness and response plans. Social implications: The insights developed can help policymakers improve the availability of high-volume generic medicines in (ab)normal times. Originality/value: The authors contribute to prior SCRM research in two ways. First, the authors operationalize SCRMS in the medicine supply chain context in (ab)normal times, thereby opening avenues for future research on SCRM in this context. Second, the authors develop insights on the role policymakers play and how they directly implement and indirectly influence the adoption of SCRMS. Based on the study findings, the authors develop a framework that captures the diverse roles of policymakers in SCRM. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Identifying and testing cancer-derived synthetic-lethal anti-SARS-CoV-2 targets

Introduction: Despite the development of two mRNA vaccines, there is an urgent unmet need of finding new antiviral strategies. One such potential antiviral strategy is to target the synthetic lethal (SL) partners of transcriptionally altered genes in infected host cells, thereby selectively killing them to halt the infection at its heels (Mast FD, JCB, 2020). Methods: Here we conduct a first proof-of-concept SL inference approach to predict anti-SARS-CoV-2 targets in a systematic genome-wide manner. This effort capitalizes on our recently published pipeline for inferring clinically relevant SL interactions in cancer (Lee et al, Cell, 2021). Based on the latter, we comprehensively analyzed multiple in vitro and in vivo bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets of SARS-CoV-2 infection to predict candidate antiviral targets that are SL with altered host genes. Importantly, as our predictions are fine-tuned based on the analysis of patients' data, they are more likely to be of translational value. Results: Our key results are twofold:1) The predicted SL-based targets are highly enriched for genes that are reported in four SARS-CoV-2 CRISPR-Cas9 genome-wide genetic screens to inhibit growth of infected cells. 2) A subset of top predicted 26 genes were experimentally tested in a targeted siRNA screen conducted in both infected and non-infected human Caco-2 cells. Remarkably, as expected given that these targets were predicted to be SL specific with genes upregulated in infected cells, indeed, knocking down these targets reduced viral replication and cell viability only under the infected condition without harming non-infected cells. Conclusion: In summary, this study is the first to demonstrate the potential of a synthetic lethality approach to identify viral (specifically anti-SARS-CoV-2) targets. Importantly, as both single cell and bulk transcriptomics patients' data is considered from both infected people and controls, they are more likely to be of clinical relevance. Targeting host genes identified via an SL-based approach is probably more suitable when the infection is at the early stage and host can still tolerate the loss of infected host cells.

Performance Study of Composite Air Filters Using Heterogeneous Fibers

Recently, the worldwide demand for disposable masks has increased due to COVID-19 infections and severe air pollution. Personal masks should reduce breathe resistance while maintaining filtering performance. In this study, a solution blowing process is used to produce composite nanofiber filters to co-spin two polymers at once. The manufacture process of the various fiber diameter filter was designed, and the filtration performance and differential pressure of the prepared filter was investigated. Poly vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and Polylactic acid (PLA) fibers were chosen to be entangled together in a layer with a diameter of 1.05 mu m and 0.33 mu m. Composite nanofilters showed up to 87% filtration efficiency and 32 Pa differential pressure.

Trends of Telehealth Utilization among Cardiovascular Disease Patients before and during the Covid-19 Pandemic and Cost Analysis

Objectives: To determine the costs and trends of telehealth utilization before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods: We calculated the proportions of patients with CVD who used telehealth before (January 2019-February 2020) and during (March 2020-April 2021) the pandemic using MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters. We compared the trends of telehealth utilization among CVD patients by sex, age, claim type, payment plan, and rural/urban status. We calculated mean, SD, median, and IQR of total and average telehealth costs. Results: The results show that telehealth utilization spiked in March 2020 and further rapidly increased and peaked in April 2020. Telehealth utilization increased from 0.021% in March 2019 to 6.7% in March 2020 and from 0.024% in April 2019 to 39.8% in April 2020. After peaking in April 2020, telehealth utilization rapidly fell in May-June 2020 and then gradually decreased before rebounding in October-December 2020. It resumed the decline through April 2021 remained much higher than the prepandemic level. Telehealth utilization was higher during the pandemic for females than males;for younger age groups (aged 18-44 or 45-64) than older age group (aged 65+);for commercial claims than Medicare supplemental insurance;for capitated insurance plans than non-capitated insurance plans;and for patients in urban areas than rural areas. From March 2020-February 2021, the mean (SD) telehealth cost per visit was $115.7 (66) (median [IQR], $104.8 [$75.8-$139.4]), with patient out-of-pocket cost $25.5 (42.8) (median [IQR], $10 [$0-$30]), insurance cost $90.4 (71.0) (median [IQR], $83 [$45.3-$121.3]), and the mean (SD) number of telehealth utilizations per patient was 1.67 (1.8) (median [IQR], 1 [1-2]). Conclusions: Policymakers, health care practitioners, and insurance companies should be aware of trends and costs of telehealth utilization among patients with CVD. Our results show that telehealth would facilitate better management of CVD. Our results may inform future policies and practices to meet the increased demand for telehealth.

The Impact of Avatar Teachers on Student Learning and Engagement in a Virtual Learning Environment for Online STEM Courses

Due to the recent Covid-19 pandemic, we have seen a considerable shift to online education. The pandemic prompted many academic institutions to quickly develop virtual courses and improve pre-existing online courses to deal with the drastic increase of online students. However, the process of creating virtual courses remains largely tedious. With technological advancement, institutions can now offer personalized virtual courses for individual students by automating course content creation. Computer-generated course content can be easily customized to meet individual student needs. This study examines the potential problems associated with virtual learning and evaluates the feasibility of employing computer-generated course content. It also analyzes the influence avatar teachers have on student learning and engagement as a first step in determining the impact of computer-generated courses. The study shows that institutions should ensure video lectures are well designed and utilize an appropriate teacher voice. The study reports mixed feedback from an interview study that explores the impact of human and avatar teachers’ physical characteristics on student learning. Some students believed that the avatar teachers were engaging, while some found it distracting. On the other hand, some students did not feel that the teacher’s physical characteristics impacted their learning as long as the course material was delivered well. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Trends in body mass index changes among Korean adolescents between 2005-2020, including the COVID-19 pandemic period: a national representative survey of one million adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on weight gain in children and adolescents remains unknown. We aimed to identify an estimated 15-year trend in mean body mass index (BMI) changes and prevalence of obesity and overweight among Korean adolescents from 2005 to 2020, including the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data taken from a nationwide survey (Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey), between 2005 and 2020. Representative samples of one million Korean adolescents aged 13-18 years (n=1,057,885) were examined. The 15-year trends in mean BMI and proportion of obesity or overweight, and the changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed. RESULTS: The data of 1,057,885 Korean adolescents were analyzed (mean age: 14.98 years; females, 48.4%). The estimated weighted mean BMI was 20.5 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 20.4-20.5] from 2005 to 2008 and 21.5 kg/m2 (95% CI, 21.4-21.6) in 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic). Although the 15-year trend of mean BMI gradually increased, the change in mean BMI before and during the pandemic significantly lessened (ßdiff, -0.027; 95% CI, -0.028 to -0.026). The 15-year (2005-2020) trend changes in the prevalence of obesity and overweight were similar (obesity prevalence from 2005-2008, 3.2%; 95% CI, 3.1-3.3 vs. obesity prevalence in 2020, 8.6%; 95% CI, 8.2-9.0; ßdiff, -0.309; 95% CI, -0.330 to -0.288). CONCLUSIONS: The 15-year trend of overall mean BMI and obesity and overweight prevalence demonstrated a significant increase; however, its slope decreased during the pandemic. These landmark results suggest the need for the development of precise strategies to prevent pediatric obesity and overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 RNAEMIA AS A BIOMARKER of LOWER RESPIRATORY VIRAL LOAD in COVID-19

Background: SARS-CoV-2 plasma RNAemia correlates strongly with COVID-19 severity and predicts clinical outcome, but how RNAemia levels relate to viral load in the lower respiratory tract has not been well-defined. Delineating the relationship of viral load in the lung and blood compartments in COVID-19 may help guide therapeutic interventions and could provide insight into the viral dynamics of these two compartments. Here we compared SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in plasma to those in lower respiratory secretions. Methods: We used an internally-controlled, ultrasensitive (1 copy/extraction) qRT-PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 N gene RNA to test plasma and endotracheal aspirate (ETA) samples collected on the same day from mechanically-ventilated patients with COVID-19 prospectively enrolled from three hospitals in Pittsburgh. Samples were collected at enrollment on day 1 (D1), D5, and D10. Results: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 22/33 (67%) plasma (median 32 cps/mL, IQR [<3-2608 cps/mL]) and 28/33 (85%) ETA samples (median 66,300 cps/mL, IQR [2395-1,028,500 cps/mL]) collected on D1. Of the 28 ETA samples with detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA, 22 (79%) had detectable RNAemia. Viral RNA levels were more than 2,000-fold higher in ETA than plasma, but plasma and ETA viral RNA levels were strongly correlated (Spearman r=0.83, p<0.0001, Fig 1A). Viral RNA levels generally decreased concordantly over time in both plasma and ETA samples (Fig 1B and C). Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA levels in plasma and lower respiratory tract secretions are strongly correlated in patients with severe COVID-19. This finding provides support for plasma viral RNA as a biomarker of lung infection, which could prove to be useful in guiding therapeutic interventions and monitoring response to therapies.

The effects of aging services and the supplemental nutrition assistance program on food insecurity among older Georgians: 2018-2020

Using administrative data from Georgia covering January 2018-August 2020, we estimated the effect of services provided through the Older Americans Act (OAA) and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on food insecurity among older Georgians. Our sample included those who received services prior to and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. For the entire sample period, we found home-delivered meals and other OAA services reduced food insecurity by 3% and 4%, respectively. During COVID-19, the effect of SNAP on reducing food insecurity significantly increased from 2.1% to 4.7%, while the loss of "traditional" congregate meals services increased food insecurity by 7%.

Phase Ib study evaluating BI 836880 (VEGF/Ang2 nanobody) in combination with ezabenlimab (BI 754091;anti-PD-1 antibody) in patients with solid tumours

Background: Combining anti-VEGF/Ang2 and anti-PD-1 therapy promotes an immunopermissive state, supportive of T-cell-mediated tumour cell destruction. This phase Ib study is assessing BI 836880 plus ezabenlimab in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumours. In Part 1 (dose escalation in pts with advanced NSCLC), the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) was determined as BI 836880 720 mg + ezabenlimab 240 mg IV q3w. Here, we report updated results, including data from Part 2 (expansion cohorts). Methods: Part 2 has 7 cohorts: metastatic (m) NSCLC after checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) monotherapy (Cohort A);mNSCLC after chemotherapy (CT) + CPI (Cohort B);mSCLC after CT ± CPI (Cohort C);recurrent GBM (1st and 2nd recurrence;Cohort D);immunotherapy-resistant m-melanoma (Cohort E);HCC after prior sorafenib or lenvatinib (Cohort F);and previously untreated unresectable HCC (Cohort G). Primary endpoint is objective response rate (complete response [CR] + partial response [PR]). Results: As of March 2021, 215 pts have been treated (Part 1: 14, Part 2: 201 [Cohort A, 35;B, 32;C, 19;D, 31;E, 32;F, 29;G, 23];70% male, median age 62 yrs). Any and ≥G3 AEs (any-cause) were reported in 183 (85%) and 72 (33%) pts. 118 (55%) pts had drug-related AEs, most commonly asthenia (13%) and hypertension (12%). 7 pts had G4 AEs (non-related hyperkalaemia + cardiac arrest, laryngospasm, gastrointestinal perforation;drug-related anaphylactic reaction, cholestatic hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, increased transaminases);9 pts had G5 AEs (non-related COVID-19 pneumonia, epilepsy, intracranial haemorrhage, cardio-respiratory arrest, haemoptysis, hepatic failure, general physical health deterioration, Glasgow coma scale abnormal + shortness of breath;drug-related tracheal haemorrhage). 35 (16%) pts had immune-related AEs and 15 (7%) had AEs leading to discontinuation. 179 pts were evaluable for response: 1 had confirmed CR (Cohort F), 22 had PR (Part 1: 2;Part 2: 20 [Cohort A, 4;C, 5;D, 4;E, 3;F, 3;G, 1]) and 110 had stable disease. 106 pts remain on treatment. Conclusions: BI 836880 plus ezabenlimab had a manageable safety profile, with preliminary activity in a range of tumour types. Clinical trial identification: NCT03468426. Editorial acknowledgement: Medical writing support for the development of this manuscript, under the direction of the authors, was provided by Hannah Simmons MSc, of Ashfield MedComms, an Ashfield Health company, and funded by Boehringer Ingelheim. Legal entity responsible for the study: Boehringer Ingelheim. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim. Disclosure: N. Girard: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Roche, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, BMS, MSD, Takeda, GSK, AbbVie, Pharmamar, Janssen, Sanofi;Financial Interests, Personal, Funding, Travel/accommodation/expenses: Roche, AstraZeneca, BMS MSD Oncology;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Roche, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim. M. Wermke: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: MSD, Novartis, Kite, Heidelberg Pharma, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: BMS, Merck, Roche, Novartis, Kite, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca;Financial Interests, Personal, Funding, Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Glenmark, BMS, AstraZeneca. E. Ledin: Financial Interests, Personal and Institutional, Research Grant: Boehringer Ingelheim. D. Kim: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, Korea;Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: Korean Association for Lung Cancer, Korean Cancer Association, Korean Society of Medical Oncology, Taiwan Lung Cancer Society;Financial Interests, Institutional, Principal Investigator, Clinical Trial Funding: Alpha Biopharma, Amgen, AstraZeneca/Medimmune, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bridge BioTherapeutics, Chong Keun Dang, Daiich-Sankyo, GSK, Hanmi, Janssen, Merus, MIrati Therapeutics, MSD, Novartis, ONO Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Takeda, TP Therapeuti;Non-Financial Interests, Person l, Advisory Role: Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS / ONO Pharmaceuticals, Daiich-Sankyo, GSK, Janssen, Pfizer, SK Biopharm, Takeda, Yuhan;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Member of the Board of Directors: Asian Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Korean Association for Lung Cancer, Korean Cancer Association, Korean Society of Medical Oncology;Other, Personal, Funding, Travel support for advisory board meeting attendance: Amgen, Daiichi-Sankyo. J. Bennouna: Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, AstraZeneca, Roche, Servier, Bayer, AMGEN;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, AstraZeneca, Roche;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: AstraZeneca. T. Lesimple: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: MSD, Novartis, BMS, Pierre Fabre;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: MSD, Novartis;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Roche. E. Felip: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Amgen;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: AstraZeneca;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: BAYER;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Beigene;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Boehringer-Ingelheim;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Bristol-Myers Squibb;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Eli Lilly;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: F. Hoffman-La Roche;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Glaxo Smith Kline;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Janssen;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Medical Trends;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Merck Sharp & Dohme;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Merck Serono;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Peptomyc;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Pfizer;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Puma;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Regeneron;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Sanofi;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Syneos Health;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Takeda;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Amgen;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: AstraZeneca;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Bristol-Myers Squibb;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Eli Lilly;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: F. Hoffmann-La Roche;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Janssen;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Medscape;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Merck Sharp & Dohme;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Merck Serono;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Peervoice;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Pfizer;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Springer;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Touch Medical;Financial Interests, Personal, Member, Independent Member of the Board: Grífols. D. Berz: Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Oncocyte;Other, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Sun Pharma;Other, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Caris;Other, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Takeda;Other, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Natera;Other, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Jazz Pharma;Other, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Genentech;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Oncocyte;Other, Personal, Advisory Role: Sun Pharma;Other, Personal, Advisory Role: Biocept;Other, Personal, Advisory Role: Prelude;Financial Interests, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Oncocyte;Other, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Caris;Other, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Sun Pharma;Other, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: AstraZeneca;Other, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Takeda;Other, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Merck;Other, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Natera;Other, Personal, Speaker’s Bureau: Jazz Pharma. C. Mascaux: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Roche;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Astr Zeneca;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Kephren;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Bristol-Myers Squibb;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: MSD;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Pfizer;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Roche;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: AstraZeneca;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Kephren;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Bristol-Myers Squibb;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: MSD;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: Pfizer;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, travel, accommodations, expenses: Roche;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, travel, accommodations, expenses: AstraZeneca;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, travel, accommodations, expenses: Boehringer Ingelheim;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, travel, accommodations, expenses: Takeda. M. Voskoboynik: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: AstraZeneca. H.T. Landsteiner: Financial Interests, Personal, Full or part-time Employment: Boehringer Ingelheim. V. Chen: Financial Interests, Personal, Full or part-time Employment: Boehringer Ingelheim. G. Jayadeva: Financial Interests, Personal, Full or part-time Employment: Boehringer Ingelheim. J. Alt: Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Honoraria: AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Roche;Financial Interests, Personal, Funding, Travel/accommodation/expenses: AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS. B. Hackanson: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, AstraZeneca, BMS. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

The Effects of the Sudden Switch to Remote Learning Due to Covid-19 on HBCU Students and Faculty

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic had wide-reaching effects on the education system. The general response of schools and universities was to shut down non-essential campus operations, as learning and instruction became remote. The switch to remote learning protected against the spread of Covid-19, but it also had secondary effects, like the closure of university labs and libraries. This study seeks to understand if students and faculty had the tools and workspace conditions to continue to teach and learn effectively. The sudden switch to remote learning had the most significant impact on participants whose home environment does not provide for a private workspace. There was a clear trend to engage less. Participants overall find video lectures less engaging. Some participants struggle learning materials. Others changed their approach to academic learning to rely more on self-learning. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.